Description

This course in crystal structure refinement examines the practical aspects of crystal structure determination from data collection strategies to data reduction and basic and advanced refinement problems of organic and inorganic molecules. This course in crystal structure refinement examines the practical aspects of crystal structure determination from data collection strategies to data reduction and basic and advanced refinement problems of organic and inorganic molecules.

Subjects

chemistry | chemistry | crystal structure refinement | crystal structure refinement | practical aspects | practical aspects | crystal structure determination | crystal structure determination | data collection | data collection | strategies | strategies | data reduction | data reduction | refinement problems | refinement problems | organic | organic | inorganic | inorganic | molecules | molecules | SHELXL | SHELXL | hydrogen atoms | hydrogen atoms | disorder | disorder | pseudo symmetry | pseudo symmetry | merohedral twins | merohedral twins | pseudo-merohedral twins | pseudo-merohedral twins | twinning | twinning | non-merohedral twins | non-merohedral twins | PLATON | PLATON

License

Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm

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Description

This course in crystal structure refinement examines the practical aspects of crystal structure determination from data collection strategies to data reduction and basic and advanced refinement problems of organic and inorganic molecules. This course in crystal structure refinement examines the practical aspects of crystal structure determination from data collection strategies to data reduction and basic and advanced refinement problems of organic and inorganic molecules.

Subjects

chemistry | chemistry | crystal structure refinement | crystal structure refinement | practical aspects | practical aspects | crystal structure determination | crystal structure determination | data collection | data collection | strategies | strategies | data reduction | data reduction | refinement problems | refinement problems | organic | organic | inorganic | inorganic | molecules | molecules | SHELXL | SHELXL | hydrogen atoms | hydrogen atoms | disorder | disorder | pseudo symmetry | pseudo symmetry | merohedral twins | merohedral twins | pseudo-merohedral twins | pseudo-merohedral twins | twinning | twinning | non-merohedral twins | non-merohedral twins | PLATON | PLATON

License

Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm

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Description

This course in crystal structure refinement examines the practical aspects of crystal structure determination from data collection strategies to data reduction and basic and advanced refinement problems of organic and inorganic molecules. This course in crystal structure refinement examines the practical aspects of crystal structure determination from data collection strategies to data reduction and basic and advanced refinement problems of organic and inorganic molecules.

Subjects

chemistry | chemistry | crystal structure refinement | crystal structure refinement | practical aspects | practical aspects | crystal structure determination | crystal structure determination | data collection | data collection | strategies | strategies | data reduction | data reduction | refinement problems | refinement problems | organic | organic | inorganic | inorganic | molecules | molecules | SHELXL | SHELXL | hydrogen atoms | hydrogen atoms | disorder | disorder | pseudo symmetry | pseudo symmetry | merohedral twins | merohedral twins | pseudo-merohedral twins | pseudo-merohedral twins | twinning | twinning | non-merohedral twins | non-merohedral twins | PLATON | PLATON

License

Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see http://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm

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Description

This course in crystal structure refinement examines the practical aspects of crystal structure determination from data collection strategies to data reduction and basic and advanced refinement problems of organic and inorganic molecules.

Subjects

chemistry | crystal structure refinement | practical aspects | crystal structure determination | data collection | strategies | data reduction | refinement problems | organic | inorganic | molecules | SHELXL | hydrogen atoms | disorder | pseudo symmetry | merohedral twins | pseudo-merohedral twins | twinning | non-merohedral twins | PLATON

License

Content within individual OCW courses is (c) by the individual authors unless otherwise noted. MIT OpenCourseWare materials are licensed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike). For further information see https://ocw.mit.edu/terms/index.htm

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Description

This sample was annealed and 50% cold rolled, with subsequent annealing for 30 minutes at 600 °C. This has caused partial recrystallisation to occur creating new dislocation-free grains with some annealing twins. The temperature is too low for significant grain growth preventing complete recrystallisation.

Subjects

alloy | annealing | brass | copper | metal | partial recrystallisation | recrystallisation | twinning | zinc | DoITPoMS | University of Cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer

License

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Description

This sample was annealed and 50% cold rolled, with subsequent annealing for 30 minutes at 600 °C. This has caused partial recrystallisation to occur creating new dislocation-free grains with some annealing twins. The temperature is too low for significant grain growth preventing complete recrystallisation.

Subjects

alloy | annealing | brass | copper | metal | partial recrystallisation | recrystallisation | twinning | zinc | DoITPoMS | University of Cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer

License

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Description

This sample was annealed and 50% cold rolled, with subsequent annealing for 30 minutes at 800 °C. The high annealing temperature raises the rate of growth of the recrystallised grains giving a single a phase containing annealing twins.

Subjects

alloy | annealing | brass | copper | metal | recrystallisation | twinning | zinc | DoITPoMS | University of Cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer

License

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Description

This sample was annealed and 50% cold rolled, with subsequent annealing for 30 minutes at 800 °C. The high annealing temperature raises the rate of growth of the recrystallised grains giving a single a phase containing annealing twins.

Subjects

alloy | annealing | brass | copper | metal | recrystallisation | twinning | zinc | DoITPoMS | University of Cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer

License

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Description

This sample was cooled slowly and contains equiaxed ? grains that form in order to minimise their surface energy. Within these grains there is evidence of twinning. Annealing twins have formed during recrystallisation.

Subjects

alloy | annealing | brass | copper | metal | recrystallisation | twinning | zinc | DoITPoMS | University of Cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer

License

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Description

This sample was solution treated and cooled slowly. It contains equiaxed ? grains that form in order to minimise their surface energy. Within these grains there is evidence of twinning. Annealing twins have formed during recrystallisation.

Subjects

alloy | annealing | beryllium | copper | metal | recrystallisation | solution heat treatment | twinning | DoITPoMS | University of Cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer

License

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Description

This sample was solution treated, quenched and aged. Recrystallisation occurs during ageing creating annealing twins.

Subjects

alloy | annealing | beryllium | copper | metal | quenching | solution heat treatment | twinning | DoITPoMS | University of Cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer

License

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Description

This sample was solution treated, quenched and aged. Recrystallisation occurs during ageing creating annealing twins.

Subjects

alloy | annealing | beryllium | copper | metal | quenching | solution heat treatment | twinning | DoITPoMS | University of Cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer

License

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Description

This sample was cold rolled. Zinc has a hexagonal structure so it contains only two independent slip systems. However, for slip to occur, five slip systems are required so zinc does not undergo general plasticity. Instead it forms mechanical twins as an alternative to dislocation motion to accommodate the deformation.

Subjects

alloy | mechanical twins | metal | twinning | zinc | DoITPoMS | University of Cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer

License

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Description

This sample was cold rolled. Zinc has a hexagonal structure so it contains only two independent slip systems. However, for slip to occur, five slip systems are required so zinc does not undergo general plasticity. Instead it forms mechanical twins as an alternative to dislocation motion to accommodate the deformation.

Subjects

alloy | mechanical twins | metal | twinning | zinc | DoITPoMS | University of Cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer

License

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Description

This sample was explosively deformed so that there was insufficient time for dislocation motion to occur. Hence, mechanical twins are produced despite the b.c.c. structure of mild steel.

Subjects

alloy | carbon | iron | mechanical twins | metal | steel | twinning | DoITPoMS | University of Cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer

License

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Description

This sample was explosively deformed so that there was insufficient time for dislocation motion to occur. Hence, mechanical twins are produced despite the b.c.c. structure of mild steel.

Subjects

alloy | carbon | iron | mechanical twins | metal | steel | twinning | DoITPoMS | University of Cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer

License

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Description

This sample was annealed and 50% cold rolled, with subsequent annealing for 30 minutes at 600 °C. This has caused partial recrystallisation to occur creating new dislocation-free grains with some annealing twins. The temperature is too low for significant grain growth preventing complete recrystallisation.

Subjects

alloy | annealing | brass | copper | metal | partial recrystallisation | recrystallisation | twinning | zinc | doitpoms | university of cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Description

This sample was annealed and 50% cold rolled, with subsequent annealing for 30 minutes at 600 °C. This has caused partial recrystallisation to occur creating new dislocation-free grains with some annealing twins. The temperature is too low for significant grain growth preventing complete recrystallisation.

Subjects

alloy | annealing | brass | copper | metal | partial recrystallisation | recrystallisation | twinning | zinc | doitpoms | university of cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Description

This sample was annealed and 50% cold rolled, with subsequent annealing for 30 minutes at 800 °C. The high annealing temperature raises the rate of growth of the recrystallised grains giving a single a phase containing annealing twins.

Subjects

alloy | annealing | brass | copper | metal | recrystallisation | twinning | zinc | doitpoms | university of cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Description

This sample was annealed and 50% cold rolled, with subsequent annealing for 30 minutes at 800 °C. The high annealing temperature raises the rate of growth of the recrystallised grains giving a single a phase containing annealing twins.

Subjects

alloy | annealing | brass | copper | metal | recrystallisation | twinning | zinc | doitpoms | university of cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Description

This sample was cooled slowly and contains equiaxed α grains that form in order to minimise their surface energy. Within these grains there is evidence of twinning. Annealing twins have formed during recrystallisation.

Subjects

alloy | annealing | brass | copper | metal | recrystallisation | twinning | zinc | doitpoms | university of cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Description

This sample was solution treated and cooled slowly. It contains equiaxed α grains that form in order to minimise their surface energy. Within these grains there is evidence of twinning. Annealing twins have formed during recrystallisation.

Subjects

alloy | annealing | beryllium | copper | metal | recrystallisation | solution heat treatment | twinning | doitpoms | university of cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Description

This sample was solution treated, quenched and aged. Recrystallisation occurs during ageing creating annealing twins.

Subjects

alloy | annealing | beryllium | copper | metal | quenching | solution heat treatment | twinning | doitpoms | university of cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Description

This sample was solution treated, quenched and aged. Recrystallisation occurs during ageing creating annealing twins.

Subjects

alloy | annealing | beryllium | copper | metal | quenching | solution heat treatment | twinning | doitpoms | university of cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Description

This sample was cold rolled. Zinc has a hexagonal structure so it contains only two independent slip systems. However, for slip to occur, five slip systems are required so zinc does not undergo general plasticity. Instead it forms mechanical twins as an alternative to dislocation motion to accommodate the deformation.

Subjects

alloy | mechanical twins | metal | twinning | zinc | doitpoms | university of cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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