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Cross-section of an aluminium casting

Description

Solidification initiates on the mould walls because this is where the melt is coolest and because inhomogeneities promote nucleation. Selective growth then occurs, whereby the grains which have their easy growth direction parallel to the heat flow direction grow fastest, and cut off the paths of less well-aligned grains. This results in a 'columnar zone' which may extend to the centre of the casting but often gives way to an 'equiaxed zone'. The equiaxed grains may result from sedimentation from the free surface, from the detachment of dendrite tips, or simply from heterogeneous nucleation ahead of the advancing front (though the latter is only likely if deliberate 'melt inoculation' has been implemented).

Subjects

alloy | aluminium | cast | casting | chill zone | columnar | equiaxed | metal | doitpoms | university of cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

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FORMGRIP closed cell aluminium foam

Description

Additions such as SiC are made to molten aluminium or aluminium alloy to modify the melt viscosity and make it suitable for foaming. 1 to 3 wt% of pre-oxidised titanium hydride is then added to the melt which is solidified to form a precursor which can be foamed in a controlled manner by a subsequent heat treatment. The resulting foam has a relatively fine and uniform cell structure.

Subjects

alloy | aluminium | aluminium foam | cell | composite foam | composite material | foam | formgrip | metal | doitpoms | university of cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

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FOAMCARP closed cell aluminium foam

Description

Additions such as SiC are made to molten aluminium or aluminium alloy to modify the melt viscosity and make it suitable for foaming. Calcium carbonate is then added to the melt which is solidified to form a precursor which can be foamed in a controlled manner by a subsequent heat treatment. The resulting foam has a fine and relatively uniform cell structure.

Subjects

alloy | aluminium | aluminium foam | cell | composite foam | composite material | foam | foamcarp | metal | doitpoms | university of cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

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Small ceramic pot showing centimetre scale crystals within the glaze

Description

Careful heat treatment of the glaze produces a very small number of willemite (zinc orthosilicate, Zn2SiO4) nuclei which can grow to centimetre dimensions over the course of a few hours at a suitably high temperature. Cobalt in the glaze composition segregates preferentially to the willemite crystals, colouring them blue.

Subjects

ceramic | crystalline glaze | devitrification | willemite | doitpoms | university of cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

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Small ceramic pot showing centimetre scale crystals within the glaze

Description

Careful heat treatment of the glaze produces a very small number of willemite (zinc orthosilicate, Zn2SiO4) nuclei which can grow to centimetre dimensions over the course of a few hours at a suitably high temperature. Cobalt in the glaze composition segregates preferentially to the willemite crystals, colouring them blue.

Subjects

ceramic | crystalline glaze | devitrification | willemite | doitpoms | university of cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Ni-Superalloy, heat treated above gamma-prime solvus

Description

Micrograph shows a close up of the secondary γ' present within the centre of γ grains. This form of γ' grows with prolonged exposure to temperature and forms the blocky primary γ' found on the grain boundaries. View schematic diagram of γ' microstructure

Subjects

nickel | doitpoms | university of cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

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Ni-Superalloy, heat treated above gamma-prime solvus

Description

This micrograph shows a high magnification image of The morphology of γ' is discernible as grey 'blocky' precipitates, approximately 2μm in diameter. The small white particles present, due to their atomic contrast visible in back-scattered mode, are discernable as MC carbides. View schematic diagram of γ' microstructure

Subjects

nickel | doitpoms | university of cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

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Resistance spot weld in T3

Description

Macrograph of a resistance spot weld made in two plates of 1,5 mm thickness. T3 - solution heat treatment, cold working and natural ageing. AA2024-T3 RSW x40 Keller's reagent interferential contrast Base material characterised by elongated, plastically deformed grains. Presence of dendritic grains in the weld. The line on the left is the original plates separation line. The two short lines on the right (inside the weld) are solidification cracks.

Subjects

aluminium | copper | doitpoms | university of cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

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Base metal microstructure of T6

Description

Micrograph of base metal. T6 - solution heat treated and artificially aged. AA6013-T6 BM x100 Keller's reagent

Subjects

aluminium | magnesium | silicon | doitpoms | university of cambridge | micrograph | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

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Anisotropic thermal conductivity in quartz: perpendicular to c-axis section

Description

A section of quartz cut perpendicular to the c-axis being heated from a point at its centre. A circle shows the thermal conductivity is the same in all directions in this plane. From TLP: Introduction to Anisotropy, http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/doitpoms/tlplib/anisotropy/thermal.php

Subjects

anisotropy | thermal | doitpoms | university of cambridge | video | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

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Anisotropic thermal conductivity in quartz: parallel to c-axis section

Description

A section of quartz cut parallel to the c-axis being heated from a point at its centre. An ellipse shows that the thermal conductivity in this plane is direction-dependent. From TLP: Introduction to Anisotropy, http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/doitpoms/tlplib/anisotropy/thermal.php

Subjects

anisotropy | thermal | doitpoms | university of cambridge | video | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

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Jominy end quench test: transfer of a steel sample from furnace to water jet

Description

Video of the transferral of a steel specimen from furnace to water jet during a jominy end quench test. The steel is held in a furnace to austenitise the microstructure at around 900° C. It is then transferred to the quenching machine where a water jet is sprayed onto the bottom of the specimen until the specimen is cool. From TLP: The Jominy End Quench Test, http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/doitpoms/tlplib/jominy/index.php

Subjects

heat treatment | jominy end quench test | steel | doitpoms | university of cambridge | video | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Jominy end quench test: jet spraying of one end of the sample

Description

Close up a steel specimen undergoing quenching during the jominy end quench test. As the water jet sprays onto the end of the hot, glowing specimen, a cold dark region spreads up the specimen. The cold region has transformed from austenite to a mixture of martensite, ferrite and pearlite. From TLP: The Jominy End Quench Test, http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/doitpoms/tlplib/jominy/index.php

Subjects

heat treatment | jominy end quench test | steel | doitpoms | university of cambridge | video | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

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Complete Jominy end quench test

Description

Full jominy end quench test: both the transfer of the sample from furnace to Jominy machine, and the jet spraying one end of the sample (contributed by Oxford Brookes University), From TLP: The Jominy End Quench Test, http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/doitpoms/tlplib/jominy/index.php

Subjects

heat treatment | jominy end quench test | steel | doitpoms | university of cambridge | video | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Stiffness-temperature relationship in rubber

Description

Video demonstrating that the stiffness of rubber is proportional to temperature. The rubber is extended under a fixed load, and contracts when heated due to the increased stiffness, and therefore reduced strain. From TLP: The Stiffness of Rubber, http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/doitpoms/stiffness-of-rubber/contraction2.php

Subjects

stiffness | polymer | rubber | elastomer | gough | joule | modulus | temperature | entropy spring | doitpoms | university of cambridge | video | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Phase transition in superconductors

Description

The superconducting material heats up through its transition temperature. The field from the magnetic track begins to penetrate and the material ceases to levitate. From TLP: Superconductivity, http://www.doitpoms.ac.uk/tlplib/superconductivity/discovery.php

Subjects

superconductivity | critical temperature | doitpoms | university of cambridge | video | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Shape memory effect in a spring

Description

A spring is deformed. Upon heating it returns to its original shape. From the TLP Shape Memory Effect - "Training" of the Transformation

Subjects

applications | shape memory effect | doitpoms | university of cambridge | video | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

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Changes in microstructure of a shape memory alloy (CuAlNi single crystal)

Description

Changes in microstructure of a shape memory alloy being heat treated and also mechanically deformed. A CuAlNi single crystal (2H orthorhombic phase ) is compressed (vertical axis) at room temperature, causing activation of two sequential twinning deformations. As austenite, the crystal is cube-shaped, whereas in the martensite form it is sheared. Six different sheared martensite crystals, having well - defined prism shapes (three of which appear in this video), can be created by pressing on 3 different faces of the cube. It is essential that the loading arrangement allows lateral displacements to occur. From TLP: Microstructural Changes. Video was kindly donated by Vaclav Novak and Petr Sittner, Department of Functional Materials Institute of Physics of the ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic

Subjects

microstructure | shape memory alloy | deformation | doitpoms | university of cambridge | video | corematerials | ukoer | Engineering | H000

License

Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 UK: England & Wales http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/ http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/uk/

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Theatre of Cruelties - Lecture 10: Royal Myths, Religious Realities: Living with Absolutism and Religious Pluralism

Description

Subjects

philosophical studies | V000

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Theatre of Cruelties - Lecture 9: Nobility and Violence

Description

Subjects

philosophical studies | V000

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Theatre of Cruelties - Lecture 8: The Massacre of St Bartholomew - and its Aftermath

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Subjects

philosophical studies | V000

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Theatre of Cruelties - Lecture 7: The French Monarchy tries to put things right - and fails

Description

Subjects

philosophical studies | V000

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Theatre of Cruelties - Lecture 4: The Years of Crisis, 1559-1562

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Subjects

philosophical studies | V000

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Theatre of Cruelties - Lecture 3: Geneva and the French Reformation

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Subjects

philosophical studies | V000

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Theatre of Cruelties - Lecture 2: Containing the French Reformation

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Subjects

philosophical studies | V000

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